Uma placa de metal aquecida está situada no plano X Y, de modo que a temperatura em cada um de seus pontos é dada pela função T(x, y) = e^x cos(y) + e^y cos(x). A partir do ponto (0,0), em que direção a temperatura cresce mais rapidamente? Qual é essa taxa de crescimento?

Passo 1

Primeiro, vamos entender o que a questão está pedindo. Temos uma placa de metal no plano onde a temperatura em cada ponto (x, y) é dada pela função . Queremos descobrir, a partir do ponto (0,0), em qual direção a temperatura aumenta mais rapidamente e qual é essa taxa de aumento.
Para resolver isso, vamos usar conceitos de cálculo vetorial, especificamente o gradiente da função temperatura. O gradiente nos indica a direção de maior aumento da função e sua magnitude nos dá a taxa de crescimento nessa direção.

Passo 2

Primeiro, precisamos calcular o gradiente da função T(x, y). O gradiente é um vetor que contém as derivadas parciais da função em relação a x e y.
Então, temos:

Passo 3

Vamos calcular a derivada parcial de T em relação a x:

Passo 4

Agora, calculamos a derivada parcial de T em relação a y:

Passo 5

Avaliaremos o gradiente no ponto (0,0). Substituindo x = 0 e nas derivadas parciais:
Para :
Para :

Passo 6

Portanto, o gradiente em (0,0) é:
Esse vetor indica a direção em que a temperatura aumenta mais rapidamente.

Passo 7

A direção de maior aumento é na direção do próprio gradiente. Para encontrar a direção unitária, normalizamos o vetor gradiente.
A magnitude do gradiente é:
Então, a direção unitária é:

Passo 8

A taxa de crescimento mais rápida é dada pela magnitude do gradiente, que já calculamos como raiz(2).

Resposta

A temperatura cresce mais rapidamente na direção do vetor (1, 1), ou seja, na direção , e a taxa de crescimento nessa direção é raiz(2) unidades de temperatura por unidade de distância.

Exercícios relacionados

Mostre que a série é absolutamente convergente para todo x in (-1, 1). A série é absolutamente convergente nos extremos do intervalo?
<html><head></head><body><div>Encontre a derivada da função <span class="math-inline ">
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166 348Q166 366 174 366Q202 366 232 371Q266 376 294 413T322 525V533Q322 590 287 612Q265 626 240 626Q208 626 181 615T143 592T132 580H135Q138 579 143 578T153 573T165 566T175 555T183 540T186 520Q186 498 172 481T127 463Z”></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node=“msup” transform=“translate(6964.7,0)”><g data-mml-node=“mi”><path data-c=“1D466” d=“M21 287Q21 301 36 335T84 406T158 442Q199 442 224 419T250 355Q248 336 247 334Q247 331 231 288T198 191T182 105Q182 62 196 45T238 27Q261 27 281 38T312 61T339 94Q339 95 344 114T358 173T377 247Q415 397 419 404Q432 431 462 431Q475 431 483 424T494 412T496 403Q496 390 447 193T391 -23Q363 -106 294 -155T156 -205Q111 -205 77 -183T43 -117Q43 -95 50 -80T69 -58T89 -48T106 -45Q150 -45 150 -87Q150 -107 138 -122T115 -142T102 -147L99 -148Q101 -153 118 -160T152 -167H160Q177 -167 186 -165Q219 -156 247 -127T290 -65T313 -9T321 21L315 17Q309 13 296 6T270 -6Q250 -11 231 -11Q185 -11 150 11T104 82Q103 89 103 113Q103 170 138 262T173 379Q173 380 173 381Q173 390 173 393T169 400T158 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<mjx-container class=“MathJax” jax=“SVG”><svg style=“vertical-align: -0.566ex;” xmlns=“http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” width=“10.147ex” height=“2.262ex” role=“img” focusable=“false” viewBox=“0 -750 4485.2 1000”><title>p_o = (1, 2)</title><g stroke=“currentColor” fill=“currentColor” stroke-width=“0” transform=“scale(1,-1)”><g data-mml-node=“math”><g data-mml-node=“msub”><g data-mml-node=“mi”><path data-c=“1D45D” d=“M23 287Q24 290 25 295T30 317T40 348T55 381T75 411T101 433T134 442Q209 442 230 378L240 387Q302 442 358 442Q423 442 460 395T497 281Q497 173 421 82T249 -10Q227 -10 210 -4Q199 1 187 11T168 28L161 36Q160 35 139 -51T118 -138Q118 -144 126 -145T163 -148H188Q194 -155 194 -157T191 -175Q188 -187 185 -190T172 -194Q170 -194 161 -194T127 -193T65 -192Q-5 -192 -24 -194H-32Q-39 -187 -39 -183Q-37 -156 -26 -148H-6Q28 -147 33 -136Q36 -130 94 103T155 350Q156 355 156 364Q156 405 131 405Q109 405 94 377T71 316T59 280Q57 278 43 278H29Q23 284 23 287ZM178 102Q200 26 252 26Q282 26 310 49T356 107Q374 141 392 215T411 325V331Q411 405 350 405Q339 405 328 402T306 393T286 380T269 365T254 350T243 336T235 326L232 322Q232 321 229 308T218 264T204 212Q178 106 178 102Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“TeXAtom” transform=“translate(536,-150) scale(0.707)” data-mjx-texclass=“ORD”><g data-mml-node=“mi”><path data-c=“1D45C” d=“M201 -11Q126 -11 80 38T34 156Q34 221 64 279T146 380Q222 441 301 441Q333 441 341 440Q354 437 367 433T402 417T438 387T464 338T476 268Q476 161 390 75T201 -11ZM121 120Q121 70 147 48T206 26Q250 26 289 58T351 142Q360 163 374 216T388 308Q388 352 370 375Q346 405 306 405Q243 405 195 347Q158 303 140 230T121 120Z”></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node=“mo” transform=“translate(1206.7,0)”><path data-c=“3D” d=“M56 347Q56 360 70 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L390 327H72Q56 332 56 347ZM56 153Q56 168 72 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H70Q56 140 56 153Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“mo” transform=“translate(2262.5,0)”><path data-c=“28” d=“M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 -141 137 -14T94 250Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“mn” transform=“translate(2651.5,0)”><path data-c=“31” d=“M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“mo” transform=“translate(3151.5,0)”><path data-c=“2C” d=“M78 35T78 60T94 103T137 121Q165 121 187 96T210 8Q210 -27 201 -60T180 -117T154 -158T130 -185T117 -194Q113 -194 104 -185T95 -172Q95 -168 106 -156T131 -126T157 -76T173 -3V9L172 8Q170 7 167 6T161 3T152 1T140 0Q113 0 96 17Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“mn” transform=“translate(3596.2,0)”><path data-c=“32” d=“M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“mo” transform=“translate(4096.2,0)”><path data-c=“29” d=“M60 749L64 750Q69 750 74 750H86L114 726Q208 641 251 514T294 250Q294 182 284 119T261 12T224 -76T186 -143T145 -194T113 -227T90 -246Q87 -249 86 -250H74Q66 -250 63 -250T58 -247T55 -238Q56 -237 66 -225Q221 -64 221 250T66 725Q56 737 55 738Q55 746 60 749Z”></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span>, na direção da tangente à curva <span class="math-inline ">
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</body></html>
Encontre o domínio de definição da função .
<html><head></head><body><div>Use o Teorema do Valor Intermediário para provar que existe uma raiz da equação no intervalo especificado: <span class=“math-inline “>
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