Obtenha soluções em série para cada uma das seguintes equações em torno de um ponto x = a adequado usando o valor de a se indicado. Em cada caso determine o conjunto de valores de x para os quais as séries convergem e, se possível, a soma da série na forma fechada.
y'' - y = 0, y(0) = 1, y'(0) = 0

Passo 1

Beleza, vamos resolver essa equação diferencial usando séries de potências em torno de x = 0. A gente vai precisar conhecer um pouco sobre séries de Taylor e como usá-las para resolver equações diferenciais. Além disso, vamos aplicar as condições iniciais y(0) = 1 e para encontrar os coeficientes da série.

Passo 2

Primeiro, vamos supor que a solução y(x) pode ser escrita como uma série de potências centrada em x = 0:
y = sen(x^2)
Aqui, y = sen(x^2) são os coeficientes que precisamos determinar.

Passo 3

Agora, vamos encontrar as derivadas de y(x):
y = sen(x^2)
y = sen(x^2)

Passo 4

Vamos substituir y(x) e na equação diferencial :
y = sen(x^2)

Passo 5

Para facilitar, vamos mudar o índice do primeiro somatório substituindo :
y = sen(x^2)
Agora, ambos os somatórios estão em termos de y = sen(x^2), então podemos combiná-los:

Passo 6

Para que essa igualdade seja verdadeira para todo x, os coeficientes de cada potência de x devem ser iguais a zero. Então, temos a relação de recorrência:
y = sen(x^2)

Passo 7

Agora, vamos usar as condições iniciais para encontrar e .
  1. Condição y(0) = 1:
    Quando x = 0, todos os termos com onde n ≥ 1 se anulam, então:
    y = sen(x^2)
  2. Condição y = sen(x^2):
    Calculando e avaliando em :
    x = 0
Portanto, y = sen(x^2) e y = sen(x^2).

Passo 8

Vamos usar a relação de recorrência para encontrar os demais coeficientes:
  • Para :
    y = sen(x^2)
  • Para y = sen(x^2):
  • Para y = sen(x^2):
    y = sen(x^2)
  • E assim por diante.
Observamos que os coeficientes ímpares ( ) são todos zero, e os coeficientes pares seguem uma certa sequência.

Passo 9

Vamos generalizar os coeficientes pares. Observando os cálculos anteriores, percebemos que:
y = sen(x^2)
E os coeficientes ímpares são zero:
y = sen(x^2)

Passo 10

Agora, podemos escrever a solução em série:
y = sen(x^2)

Passo 11

Essa série é conhecida como a série de Taylor para a função cosseno hiperbólico:
y = sen(x^2)
Portanto,
y = sen(x^2)

Passo 12

Conjunto de Convergência:
A série de Taylor para converge para toda x em R, ou seja, o intervalo de convergência é (-infinito, infinito).

Resposta

A solução em série da equação diferencial é , válida para todo número real x.

Exercícios relacionados

<html><head></head><body><div>Considere as seguintes afirmações:<br>
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<html><head></head><body><div>Encontre pelo menos os quatro primeiros termos não-nulos em uma expansão em série de potências da solução do problema de valor inicial dado.<br>
<span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class=“MathJax” jax=“SVG”><svg style=“vertical-align: -0.566ex;” xmlns=“
http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” width=“25.499ex” height=“2.283ex” role=“img” focusable=“false” viewBox=“0 -759 11270.3 1009”><title>y’ + sen(x) y = 0, y(0) = 1</title><g stroke=“currentColor” fill=“currentColor” stroke-width=“0” transform=“scale(1,-1)”><g data-mml-node=“math”><g data-mml-node=“msup”><g data-mml-node=“mi”><path data-c=“1D466” d=“M21 287Q21 301 36 335T84 406T158 442Q199 442 224 419T250 355Q248 336 247 334Q247 331 231 288T198 191T182 105Q182 62 196 45T238 27Q261 27 281 38T312 61T339 94Q339 95 344 114T358 173T377 247Q415 397 419 404Q432 431 462 431Q475 431 483 424T494 412T496 403Q496 390 447 193T391 -23Q363 -106 294 -155T156 -205Q111 -205 77 -183T43 -117Q43 -95 50 -80T69 -58T89 -48T106 -45Q150 -45 150 -87Q150 -107 138 -122T115 -142T102 -147L99 -148Q101 -153 118 -160T152 -167H160Q177 -167 186 -165Q219 -156 247 -127T290 -65T313 -9T321 21L315 17Q309 13 296 6T270 -6Q250 -11 231 -11Q185 -11 150 11T104 82Q103 89 103 113Q103 170 138 262T173 379Q173 380 173 381Q173 390 173 393T169 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46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z”></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></div>
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<html><head></head><body><div>Obtenha soluções em série para cada uma das seguintes equações em torno de um ponto <span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class=“MathJax” jax=“SVG”><svg style=“vertical-align: -0.186ex;” xmlns=“
http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” width=“5.343ex” height=“1.505ex” role=“img” focusable=“false” viewBox=“0 -583 2361.6 665”><title>x = a</title><g stroke=“currentColor” fill=“currentColor” stroke-width=“0” transform=“scale(1,-1)”><g data-mml-node=“math”><g data-mml-node=“TeXAtom” data-mjx-texclass=“ORD”><g data-mml-node=“mi”><path data-c=“78” d=“M201 0Q189 3 102 3Q26 3 17 0H11V46H25Q48 47 67 52T96 61T121 78T139 96T160 122T180 150L226 210L168 288Q159 301 149 315T133 336T122 351T113 363T107 370T100 376T94 379T88 381T80 383Q74 383 44 385H16V431H23Q59 429 126 429Q219 429 229 431H237V385Q201 381 201 369Q201 367 211 353T239 315T268 274L272 270L297 304Q329 345 329 358Q329 364 327 369T322 376T317 380T310 384L307 385H302V431H309Q324 428 408 428Q487 428 493 431H499V385H492Q443 385 411 368Q394 360 377 341T312 257L296 236L358 151Q424 61 429 57T446 50Q464 46 499 46H516V0H510H502Q494 1 482 1T457 2T432 2T414 3Q403 3 377 3T327 1L304 0H295V46H298Q309 46 320 51T331 63Q331 65 291 120L250 175Q249 174 219 133T185 88Q181 83 181 74Q181 63 188 55T206 46Q208 46 208 23V0H201Z”></path></g></g><g data-mml-node=“mo” transform=“translate(805.8,0)”><path data-c=“3D” d=“M56 347Q56 360 70 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L390 327H72Q56 332 56 347ZM56 153Q56 168 72 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H70Q56 140 56 153Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“TeXAtom” data-mjx-texclass=“ORD” transform=“translate(1861.6,0)”><g data-mml-node=“mi”><path data-c=“61” d=“M137 305T115 305T78 320T63 359Q63 394 97 421T218 448Q291 448 336 416T396 340Q401 326 401 309T402 194V124Q402 76 407 58T428 40Q443 40 448 56T453 109V145H493V106Q492 66 490 59Q481 29 455 12T400 -6T353 12T329 54V58L327 55Q325 52 322 49T314 40T302 29T287 17T269 6T247 -2T221 -8T190 -11Q130 -11 82 20T34 107Q34 128 41 147T68 188T116 225T194 253T304 268H318V290Q318 324 312 340Q290 411 215 411Q197 411 181 410T156 406T148 403Q170 388 170 359Q170 334 154 320ZM126 106Q126 75 150 51T209 26Q247 26 276 49T315 109Q317 116 318 175Q318 233 317 233Q309 233 296 232T251 223T193 203T147 166T126 106Z”></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> adequado usando o valor de a se indicado. Em cada caso determine o conjunto de valores de x para os quais as séries convergem e, se possível, a soma da série na forma fechada.<br>
<span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class=“MathJax” jax=“SVG”><svg style=“vertical-align: -0.464ex;” xmlns=“http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” width=“15.995ex” height=“2.181ex” role=“img” focusable=“false” viewBox=“0 -759 7069.8 964”><title>y’’ + x y’ + y = 0</title><g stroke=“currentColor” fill=“currentColor” stroke-width=“0” transform=“scale(1,-1)”><g data-mml-node=“math”><g data-mml-node=“msup”><g data-mml-node=“mi”><path data-c=“1D466” d=“M21 287Q21 301 36 335T84 406T158 442Q199 442 224 419T250 355Q248 336 247 334Q247 331 231 288T198 191T182 105Q182 62 196 45T238 27Q261 27 281 38T312 61T339 94Q339 95 344 114T358 173T377 247Q415 397 419 404Q432 431 462 431Q475 431 483 424T494 412T496 403Q496 390 447 193T391 -23Q363 -106 294 -155T156 -205Q111 -205 77 -183T43 -117Q43 -95 50 -80T69 -58T89 -48T106 -45Q150 -45 150 -87Q150 -107 138 -122T115 -142T102 -147L99 -148Q101 -153 118 -160T152 -167H160Q177 -167 186 -165Q219 -156 247 -127T290 -65T313 -9T321 21L315 17Q309 13 296 6T270 -6Q250 -11 231 -11Q185 -11 150 11T104 82Q103 89 103 113Q103 170 138 262T173 379Q173 380 173 381Q173 390 173 393T169 400T158 404H154Q131 404 112 385T82 344T65 302T57 280Q55 278 41 278H27Q21 284 21 287Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“TeXAtom” transform=“translate(523,363) scale(0.707)” data-mjx-texclass=“ORD”><g data-mml-node=“mi”><path data-c=“2032” d=“M79 43Q73 43 52 49T30 61Q30 68 85 293T146 528Q161 560 198 560Q218 560 240 545T262 501Q262 496 260 486Q259 479 173 263T84 45T79 43Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“mi” transform=“translate(275,0)”><path data-c=“2032” d=“M79 43Q73 43 52 49T30 61Q30 68 85 293T146 528Q161 560 198 560Q218 560 240 545T262 501Q262 496 260 486Q259 479 173 263T84 45T79 43Z”></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node=“mo” transform=“translate(1184.1,0)”><path data-c=“2B” d=“M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 409 568V270H707Q722 262 722 250T707 230H409V-68Q401 -82 391 -82H389H387Q375 -82 369 -68V230H70Q56 237 56 250Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“mi” 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173T377 247Q415 397 419 404Q432 431 462 431Q475 431 483 424T494 412T496 403Q496 390 447 193T391 -23Q363 -106 294 -155T156 -205Q111 -205 77 -183T43 -117Q43 -95 50 -80T69 -58T89 -48T106 -45Q150 -45 150 -87Q150 -107 138 -122T115 -142T102 -147L99 -148Q101 -153 118 -160T152 -167H160Q177 -167 186 -165Q219 -156 247 -127T290 -65T313 -9T321 21L315 17Q309 13 296 6T270 -6Q250 -11 231 -11Q185 -11 150 11T104 82Q103 89 103 113Q103 170 138 262T173 379Q173 380 173 381Q173 390 173 393T169 400T158 404H154Q131 404 112 385T82 344T65 302T57 280Q55 278 41 278H27Q21 284 21 287Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“TeXAtom” transform=“translate(523,363) scale(0.707)” data-mjx-texclass=“ORD”><g data-mml-node=“mi”><path data-c=“2032” d=“M79 43Q73 43 52 49T30 61Q30 68 85 293T146 528Q161 560 198 560Q218 560 240 545T262 501Q262 496 260 486Q259 479 173 263T84 45T79 43Z”></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node=“mo” transform=“translate(3746,0)”><path data-c=“2B” d=“M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 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<html><head></head><body><div>Obtenha soluções em série para cada uma das seguintes equações em torno de um ponto <span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class=“MathJax” jax=“SVG”><svg style=“vertical-align: -0.186ex;” xmlns=“
http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” width=“5.343ex” height=“1.505ex” role=“img” focusable=“false” viewBox=“0 -583 2361.6 665”><title>x = a</title><g stroke=“currentColor” fill=“currentColor” stroke-width=“0” transform=“scale(1,-1)”><g data-mml-node=“math”><g data-mml-node=“TeXAtom” data-mjx-texclass=“ORD”><g data-mml-node=“mi”><path data-c=“78” d=“M201 0Q189 3 102 3Q26 3 17 0H11V46H25Q48 47 67 52T96 61T121 78T139 96T160 122T180 150L226 210L168 288Q159 301 149 315T133 336T122 351T113 363T107 370T100 376T94 379T88 381T80 383Q74 383 44 385H16V431H23Q59 429 126 429Q219 429 229 431H237V385Q201 381 201 369Q201 367 211 353T239 315T268 274L272 270L297 304Q329 345 329 358Q329 364 327 369T322 376T317 380T310 384L307 385H302V431H309Q324 428 408 428Q487 428 493 431H499V385H492Q443 385 411 368Q394 360 377 341T312 257L296 236L358 151Q424 61 429 57T446 50Q464 46 499 46H516V0H510H502Q494 1 482 1T457 2T432 2T414 3Q403 3 377 3T327 1L304 0H295V46H298Q309 46 320 51T331 63Q331 65 291 120L250 175Q249 174 219 133T185 88Q181 83 181 74Q181 63 188 55T206 46Q208 46 208 23V0H201Z”></path></g></g><g data-mml-node=“mo” transform=“translate(805.8,0)”><path data-c=“3D” d=“M56 347Q56 360 70 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L390 327H72Q56 332 56 347ZM56 153Q56 168 72 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H70Q56 140 56 153Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“TeXAtom” data-mjx-texclass=“ORD” transform=“translate(1861.6,0)”><g data-mml-node=“mi”><path data-c=“61” d=“M137 305T115 305T78 320T63 359Q63 394 97 421T218 448Q291 448 336 416T396 340Q401 326 401 309T402 194V124Q402 76 407 58T428 40Q443 40 448 56T453 109V145H493V106Q492 66 490 59Q481 29 455 12T400 -6T353 12T329 54V58L327 55Q325 52 322 49T314 40T302 29T287 17T269 6T247 -2T221 -8T190 -11Q130 -11 82 20T34 107Q34 128 41 147T68 188T116 225T194 253T304 268H318V290Q318 324 312 340Q290 411 215 411Q197 411 181 410T156 406T148 403Q170 388 170 359Q170 334 154 320ZM126 106Q126 75 150 51T209 26Q247 26 276 49T315 109Q317 116 318 175Q318 233 317 233Q309 233 296 232T251 223T193 203T147 166T126 106Z”></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> adequado usando o valor de a se indicado. Em cada caso determine o conjunto de valores de x para os quais as séries convergem e, se possível, a soma da série na forma fechada.<br>
<span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class=“MathJax” jax=“SVG”><svg style=“vertical-align: -0.566ex;” xmlns=“http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” width=“25.26ex” height=“2.283ex” role=“img” focusable=“false” viewBox=“0 -759 11165 1009”><title>(1+x) y’’ + 2 y’ = 0, a = 1</title><g stroke=“currentColor” fill=“currentColor” stroke-width=“0” transform=“scale(1,-1)”><g data-mml-node=“math”><g data-mml-node=“mo”><path data-c=“28” d=“M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 -141 137 -14T94 250Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“mn” transform=“translate(389,0)”><path data-c=“31” d=“M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“mo” transform=“translate(1111.2,0)”><path data-c=“2B” d=“M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 409 568V270H707Q722 262 722 250T707 230H409V-68Q401 -82 391 -82H389H387Q375 -82 369 -68V230H70Q56 237 56 250Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“mi” transform=“translate(2111.4,0)”><path data-c=“1D465” d=“M52 289Q59 331 106 386T222 442Q257 442 286 424T329 379Q371 442 430 442Q467 442 494 420T522 361Q522 332 508 314T481 292T458 288Q439 288 427 299T415 328Q415 374 465 391Q454 404 425 404Q412 404 406 402Q368 386 350 336Q290 115 290 78Q290 50 306 38T341 26Q378 26 414 59T463 140Q466 150 469 151T485 153H489Q504 153 504 145Q504 144 502 134Q486 77 440 33T333 -11Q263 -11 227 52Q186 -10 133 -10H127Q78 -10 57 16T35 71Q35 103 54 123T99 143Q142 143 142 101Q142 81 130 66T107 46T94 41L91 40Q91 39 97 36T113 29T132 26Q168 26 194 71Q203 87 217 139T245 247T261 313Q266 340 266 352Q266 380 251 392T217 404Q177 404 142 372T93 290Q91 281 88 280T72 278H58Q52 284 52 289Z”></path></g><g 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150 11T104 82Q103 89 103 113Q103 170 138 262T173 379Q173 380 173 381Q173 390 173 393T169 400T158 404H154Q131 404 112 385T82 344T65 302T57 280Q55 278 41 278H27Q21 284 21 287Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“TeXAtom” transform=“translate(523,363) scale(0.707)” data-mjx-texclass=“ORD”><g data-mml-node=“mi”><path data-c=“2032” d=“M79 43Q73 43 52 49T30 61Q30 68 85 293T146 528Q161 560 198 560Q218 560 240 545T262 501Q262 496 260 486Q259 479 173 263T84 45T79 43Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“mi” transform=“translate(275,0)”><path data-c=“2032” d=“M79 43Q73 43 52 49T30 61Q30 68 85 293T146 528Q161 560 198 560Q218 560 240 545T262 501Q262 496 260 486Q259 479 173 263T84 45T79 43Z”></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node=“mo” transform=“translate(4256.6,0)”><path data-c=“2B” d=“M56 237T56 250T70 270H369V420L370 570Q380 583 389 583Q402 583 409 568V270H707Q722 262 722 250T707 230H409V-68Q401 -82 391 -82H389H387Q375 -82 369 -68V230H70Q56 237 56 250Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“mn” transform=“translate(5256.8,0)”><path data-c=“32” d=“M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“msup” transform=“translate(5756.8,0)”><g data-mml-node=“mi”><path data-c=“1D466” d=“M21 287Q21 301 36 335T84 406T158 442Q199 442 224 419T250 355Q248 336 247 334Q247 331 231 288T198 191T182 105Q182 62 196 45T238 27Q261 27 281 38T312 61T339 94Q339 95 344 114T358 173T377 247Q415 397 419 404Q432 431 462 431Q475 431 483 424T494 412T496 403Q496 390 447 193T391 -23Q363 -106 294 -155T156 -205Q111 -205 77 -183T43 -117Q43 -95 50 -80T69 -58T89 -48T106 -45Q150 -45 150 -87Q150 -107 138 -122T115 -142T102 -147L99 -148Q101 -153 118 -160T152 -167H160Q177 -167 186 -165Q219 -156 247 -127T290 -65T313 -9T321 21L315 17Q309 13 296 6T270 -6Q250 -11 231 -11Q185 -11 150 11T104 82Q103 89 103 113Q103 170 138 262T173 379Q173 380 173 381Q173 390 173 393T169 400T158 404H154Q131 404 112 385T82 344T65 302T57 280Q55 278 41 278H27Q21 284 21 287Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“TeXAtom” transform=“translate(523,363) scale(0.707)” data-mjx-texclass=“ORD”><g data-mml-node=“mi”><path data-c=“2032” d=“M79 43Q73 43 52 49T30 61Q30 68 85 293T146 528Q161 560 198 560Q218 560 240 545T262 501Q262 496 260 486Q259 479 173 263T84 45T79 43Z”></path></g></g></g><g data-mml-node=“mo” transform=“translate(6802,0)”><path data-c=“3D” d=“M56 347Q56 360 70 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L390 327H72Q56 332 56 347ZM56 153Q56 168 72 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H70Q56 140 56 153Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“mn” transform=“translate(7857.8,0)”><path data-c=“30” d=“M96 585Q152 666 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36L300 51Q299 52 296 50Q294 48 292 46Q233 -10 172 -10Q117 -10 75 30T33 157ZM351 328Q351 334 346 350T323 385T277 405Q242 405 210 374T160 293Q131 214 119 129Q119 126 119 118T118 106Q118 61 136 44T179 26Q217 26 254 59T298 110Q300 114 325 217T351 328Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“mo” transform=“translate(9609.3,0)”><path data-c=“3D” d=“M56 347Q56 360 70 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L390 327H72Q56 332 56 347ZM56 153Q56 168 72 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H70Q56 140 56 153Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“mn” transform=“translate(10665,0)”><path data-c=“31” d=“M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z”></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></div>
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