A seguinte é a equação de uma onda em um meio resistente
onde
0 < r < 2 pi c / L é uma constante,
. Use separação de variáveis para resolver a equação.
Passo 1
Beleza, vamos resolver essa equação de onda com resistência usando o método de separação de variáveis. A equação que temos é:
Aqui,
é uma constante com
. Para resolver isso, vamos usar a separação de variáveis, que envolve assumir que a solução pode ser escrita como o produto de funções que dependem apenas de
e apenas de
.
Passo 2
Primeiro, assumimos que a solução
pode ser escrita como o produto de uma função de
e uma função de
:
Essa é a base do método de separação de variáveis. Nosso objetivo é encontrar as funções
e
.
Passo 3
Vamos substituir
na equação de onda:
Calculando as derivadas:
Substituindo na equação original:
Passo 4
Agora, dividimos ambos os lados por
para separar as variáveis:
Como o lado esquerdo depende apenas de
e o lado direito apenas de
, ambos devem ser iguais a uma constante, que chamaremos de
.
Passo 5
Isso nos dá duas equações separadas:
- Para
:
- Para
:
Vamos resolver cada uma delas.
Passo 6
Primeiro, resolvemos a equação em
:
Dividindo por
:
A solução dessa equação é de forma trigonométrica, já que estamos com condições de contorno de Dirichlet:
Onde
é um número inteiro positivo. Isso implica que:
Passo 7
Agora, resolvemos a equação para
:
Substituindo
:
Essa é uma equação diferencial linear de segunda ordem com coeficientes constantes. A solução geral depende das raízes da equação característica.
Passo 8
A equação característica é:
Resolvendo para
:
Como
, o discriminante
será negativo, o que nos dá soluções complexas:
Onde:
Passo 9
A solução geral para
é então:
Substituindo
e
:
Passo 10
Portanto, a solução geral da equação de onda é uma soma de todas as soluções separadas:
Passo 11
Agora, aplicamos as condições iniciais para determinar os coeficientes
e
.
Primeiro, para
:
Isso implica que
para todos
exceto
, mas como
é inteiro, assumimos que
está ajustado para que
seja o único termo não nulo. Assim,
e
para
.
Passo 12
Para a derivada em
na condição inicial:
Substituindo
para
e
:
Isso sugere que apenas
é não nulo, e relacionamos os coeficientes para satisfazer a condição inicial.
Resposta
Finalmente, a solução da equação de onda com resistência é:
Exercícios relacionados
Determine o intervalo de convergência da série de Maclaurin da função
f(x) = e^(-x^2) e calcule
.
<html><head></head><body><div>Considere a seguinte equação diferencial:</div>
<div><span class="math-block ">
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</body></html>
<div><span class="math-block ">
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400Q369 394 369 396Q370 400 396 505T424 616Q424 629 417 632T378 637H357Q351 643 351 645T353 664Q358 683 366 683ZM352 326Q329 405 277 405Q242 405 210 374T160 293Q131 214 119 129Q119 126 119 118T118 106Q118 61 136 44T179 26Q233 26 290 98L298 109L352 326Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“mi” transform=“translate(8600.4,0)”><path data-c=“1D465” d=“M52 289Q59 331 106 386T222 442Q257 442 286 424T329 379Q371 442 430 442Q467 442 494 420T522 361Q522 332 508 314T481 292T458 288Q439 288 427 299T415 328Q415 374 465 391Q454 404 425 404Q412 404 406 402Q368 386 350 336Q290 115 290 78Q290 50 306 38T341 26Q378 26 414 59T463 140Q466 150 469 151T485 153H489Q504 153 504 145Q504 144 502 134Q486 77 440 33T333 -11Q263 -11 227 52Q186 -10 133 -10H127Q78 -10 57 16T35 71Q35 103 54 123T99 143Q142 143 142 101Q142 81 130 66T107 46T94 41L91 40Q91 39 97 36T113 29T132 26Q168 26 194 71Q203 87 217 139T245 247T261 313Q266 340 266 352Q266 380 251 392T217 404Q177 404 142 372T93 290Q91 281 88 280T72 278H58Q52 284 52 289Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“mo” transform=“translate(9394.7,0)”><path data-c=“2212” d=“M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“mi” transform=“translate(10394.9,0)”><path data-c=“1D451” d=“M366 683Q367 683 438 688T511 694Q523 694 523 686Q523 679 450 384T375 83T374 68Q374 26 402 26Q411 27 422 35Q443 55 463 131Q469 151 473 152Q475 153 483 153H487H491Q506 153 506 145Q506 140 503 129Q490 79 473 48T445 8T417 -8Q409 -10 393 -10Q359 -10 336 5T306 36L300 51Q299 52 296 50Q294 48 292 46Q233 -10 172 -10Q117 -10 75 30T33 157Q33 205 53 255T101 341Q148 398 195 420T280 442Q336 442 364 400Q369 394 369 396Q370 400 396 505T424 616Q424 629 417 632T378 637H357Q351 643 351 645T353 664Q358 683 366 683ZM352 326Q329 405 277 405Q242 405 210 374T160 293Q131 214 119 129Q119 126 119 118T118 106Q118 61 136 44T179 26Q233 26 290 98L298 109L352 326Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“mi” transform=“translate(10914.9,0)”><path data-c=“1D466” d=“M21 287Q21 301 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data-mml-node=“mn” transform=“translate(12738.4,0)”><path data-c=“30” d=“M96 585Q152 666 249 666Q297 666 345 640T423 548Q460 465 460 320Q460 165 417 83Q397 41 362 16T301 -15T250 -22Q224 -22 198 -16T137 16T82 83Q39 165 39 320Q39 494 96 585ZM321 597Q291 629 250 629Q208 629 178 597Q153 571 145 525T137 333Q137 175 145 125T181 46Q209 16 250 16Q290 16 318 46Q347 76 354 130T362 333Q362 478 354 524T321 597Z”></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span></div>
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Suponha que
convirja quando
x = -4 e divirja quando
x = 6 . O que pode ser dito sobre a convergência ou divergência das séries a seguir?
a.
b.
c.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.
<html><head></head><body><div>Mostre que o raio de convergência da série de Maclaurin da função <span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class=“MathJax” jax=“SVG”><svg style=“vertical-align: -0.566ex;” xmlns=“http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” width=“9.473ex” height=“2.262ex” role=“img” focusable=“false” viewBox=“0 -750 4187 1000”><title>f(x) = e^x</title><g stroke=“currentColor” fill=“currentColor” stroke-width=“0” transform=“scale(1,-1)”><g data-mml-node=“math”><g data-mml-node=“mi”><path data-c=“1D453” d=“M118 -162Q120 -162 124 -164T135 -167T147 -168Q160 -168 171 -155T187 -126Q197 -99 221 27T267 267T289 382V385H242Q195 385 192 387Q188 390 188 397L195 425Q197 430 203 430T250 431Q298 431 298 432Q298 434 307 482T319 540Q356 705 465 705Q502 703 526 683T550 630Q550 594 529 578T487 561Q443 561 443 603Q443 622 454 636T478 657L487 662Q471 668 457 668Q445 668 434 658T419 630Q412 601 403 552T387 469T380 433Q380 431 435 431Q480 431 487 430T498 424Q499 420 496 407T491 391Q489 386 482 386T428 385H372L349 263Q301 15 282 -47Q255 -132 212 -173Q175 -205 139 -205Q107 -205 81 -186T55 -132Q55 -95 76 -78T118 -61Q162 -61 162 -103Q162 -122 151 -136T127 -157L118 -162Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“mo” transform=“translate(550,0)”><path data-c=“28” d=“M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 -141 137 -14T94 250Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“mi” transform=“translate(939,0)”><path data-c=“1D465” d=“M52 289Q59 331 106 386T222 442Q257 442 286 424T329 379Q371 442 430 442Q467 442 494 420T522 361Q522 332 508 314T481 292T458 288Q439 288 427 299T415 328Q415 374 465 391Q454 404 425 404Q412 404 406 402Q368 386 350 336Q290 115 290 78Q290 50 306 38T341 26Q378 26 414 59T463 140Q466 150 469 151T485 153H489Q504 153 504 145Q504 144 502 134Q486 77 440 33T333 -11Q263 -11 227 52Q186 -10 133 -10H127Q78 -10 57 16T35 71Q35 103 54 123T99 143Q142 143 142 101Q142 81 130 66T107 46T94 41L91 40Q91 39 97 36T113 29T132 26Q168 26 194 71Q203 87 217 139T245 247T261 313Q266 340 266 352Q266 380 251 392T217 404Q177 404 142 372T93 290Q91 281 88 280T72 278H58Q52 284 52 289Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“mo” transform=“translate(1511,0)”><path data-c=“29” d=“M60 749L64 750Q69 750 74 750H86L114 726Q208 641 251 514T294 250Q294 182 284 119T261 12T224 -76T186 -143T145 -194T113 -227T90 -246Q87 -249 86 -250H74Q66 -250 63 -250T58 -247T55 -238Q56 -237 66 -225Q221 -64 221 250T66 725Q56 737 55 738Q55 746 60 749Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“mo” transform=“translate(2177.8,0)”><path data-c=“3D” d=“M56 347Q56 360 70 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L390 327H72Q56 332 56 347ZM56 153Q56 168 72 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H70Q56 140 56 153Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“msup” transform=“translate(3233.6,0)”><g data-mml-node=“mi”><path data-c=“1D452” d=“M39 168Q39 225 58 272T107 350T174 402T244 433T307 442H310Q355 442 388 420T421 355Q421 265 310 237Q261 224 176 223Q139 223 138 221Q138 219 132 186T125 128Q125 81 146 54T209 26T302 45T394 111Q403 121 406 121Q410 121 419 112T429 98T420 82T390 55T344 24T281 -1T205 -11Q126 -11 83 42T39 168ZM373 353Q367 405 305 405Q272 405 244 391T199 357T170 316T154 280T149 261Q149 260 169 260Q282 260 327 284T373 353Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“TeXAtom” transform=“translate(499,363) scale(0.707)” data-mjx-texclass=“ORD”><g data-mml-node=“mi”><path data-c=“1D465” d=“M52 289Q59 331 106 386T222 442Q257 442 286 424T329 379Q371 442 430 442Q467 442 494 420T522 361Q522 332 508 314T481 292T458 288Q439 288 427 299T415 328Q415 374 465 391Q454 404 425 404Q412 404 406 402Q368 386 350 336Q290 115 290 78Q290 50 306 38T341 26Q378 26 414 59T463 140Q466 150 469 151T485 153H489Q504 153 504 145Q504 144 502 134Q486 77 440 33T333 -11Q263 -11 227 52Q186 -10 133 -10H127Q78 -10 57 16T35 71Q35 103 54 123T99 143Q142 143 142 101Q142 81 130 66T107 46T94 41L91 40Q91 39 97 36T113 29T132 26Q168 26 194 71Q203 87 217 139T245 247T261 313Q266 340 266 352Q266 380 251 392T217 404Q177 404 142 372T93 290Q91 281 88 280T72 278H58Q52 284 52 289Z”></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> é <span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class=“MathJax” jax=“SVG”><svg style=“vertical-align: -0.186ex;” xmlns=“http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” width=“6.945ex” height=“1.731ex” role=“img” focusable=“false” viewBox=“0 -683 3069.6 765”><title>R = infinito</title><g stroke=“currentColor” fill=“currentColor” stroke-width=“0” transform=“scale(1,-1)”><g data-mml-node=“math”><g data-mml-node=“TeXAtom” data-mjx-texclass=“ORD”><g data-mml-node=“mi”><path data-c=“52” d=“M130 622Q123 629 119 631T103 634T60 637H27V683H202H236H300Q376 683 417 677T500 648Q595 600 609 517Q610 512 610 501Q610 468 594 439T556 392T511 361T472 343L456 338Q459 335 467 332Q497 316 516 298T545 254T559 211T568 155T578 94Q588 46 602 31T640 16H645Q660 16 674 32T692 87Q692 98 696 101T712 105T728 103T732 90Q732 59 716 27T672 -16Q656 -22 630 -22Q481 -16 458 90Q456 101 456 163T449 246Q430 304 373 320L363 322L297 323H231V192L232 61Q238 51 249 49T301 46H334V0H323Q302 3 181 3Q59 3 38 0H27V46H60Q102 47 111 49T130 61V622ZM491 499V509Q491 527 490 539T481 570T462 601T424 623T362 636Q360 636 340 636T304 637H283Q238 637 234 628Q231 624 231 492V360H289Q390 360 434 378T489 456Q491 467 491 499Z”></path></g></g><g data-mml-node=“mo” transform=“translate(1013.8,0)”><path data-c=“3D” d=“M56 347Q56 360 70 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L390 327H72Q56 332 56 347ZM56 153Q56 168 72 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H70Q56 140 56 153Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“mi” transform=“translate(2069.6,0)”><path data-c=“221E” d=“M55 217Q55 305 111 373T254 442Q342 442 419 381Q457 350 493 303L507 284L514 294Q618 442 747 442Q833 442 888 374T944 214Q944 128 889 59T743 -11Q657 -11 580 50Q542 81 506 128L492 147L485 137Q381 -11 252 -11Q166 -11 111 57T55 217ZM907 217Q907 285 869 341T761 397Q740 397 720 392T682 378T648 359T619 335T594 310T574 285T559 263T548 246L543 238L574 198Q605 158 622 138T664 94T714 61T765 51Q827 51 867 100T907 217ZM92 214Q92 145 131 89T239 33Q357 33 456 193L425 233Q364 312 334 337Q285 380 233 380Q171 380 132 331T92 214Z”></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span>.</div>
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<mjx-container class=“MathJax” jax=“SVG”><svg style=“vertical-align: -0.566ex;” xmlns=“http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” width=“9.473ex” height=“2.262ex” role=“img” focusable=“false” viewBox=“0 -750 4187 1000”><title>f(x) = e^x</title><g stroke=“currentColor” fill=“currentColor” stroke-width=“0” transform=“scale(1,-1)”><g data-mml-node=“math”><g data-mml-node=“mi”><path data-c=“1D453” d=“M118 -162Q120 -162 124 -164T135 -167T147 -168Q160 -168 171 -155T187 -126Q197 -99 221 27T267 267T289 382V385H242Q195 385 192 387Q188 390 188 397L195 425Q197 430 203 430T250 431Q298 431 298 432Q298 434 307 482T319 540Q356 705 465 705Q502 703 526 683T550 630Q550 594 529 578T487 561Q443 561 443 603Q443 622 454 636T478 657L487 662Q471 668 457 668Q445 668 434 658T419 630Q412 601 403 552T387 469T380 433Q380 431 435 431Q480 431 487 430T498 424Q499 420 496 407T491 391Q489 386 482 386T428 385H372L349 263Q301 15 282 -47Q255 -132 212 -173Q175 -205 139 -205Q107 -205 81 -186T55 -132Q55 -95 76 -78T118 -61Q162 -61 162 -103Q162 -122 151 -136T127 -157L118 -162Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“mo” transform=“translate(550,0)”><path data-c=“28” d=“M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 -141 137 -14T94 250Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“mi” transform=“translate(939,0)”><path data-c=“1D465” d=“M52 289Q59 331 106 386T222 442Q257 442 286 424T329 379Q371 442 430 442Q467 442 494 420T522 361Q522 332 508 314T481 292T458 288Q439 288 427 299T415 328Q415 374 465 391Q454 404 425 404Q412 404 406 402Q368 386 350 336Q290 115 290 78Q290 50 306 38T341 26Q378 26 414 59T463 140Q466 150 469 151T485 153H489Q504 153 504 145Q504 144 502 134Q486 77 440 33T333 -11Q263 -11 227 52Q186 -10 133 -10H127Q78 -10 57 16T35 71Q35 103 54 123T99 143Q142 143 142 101Q142 81 130 66T107 46T94 41L91 40Q91 39 97 36T113 29T132 26Q168 26 194 71Q203 87 217 139T245 247T261 313Q266 340 266 352Q266 380 251 392T217 404Q177 404 142 372T93 290Q91 281 88 280T72 278H58Q52 284 52 289Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“mo” transform=“translate(1511,0)”><path data-c=“29” d=“M60 749L64 750Q69 750 74 750H86L114 726Q208 641 251 514T294 250Q294 182 284 119T261 12T224 -76T186 -143T145 -194T113 -227T90 -246Q87 -249 86 -250H74Q66 -250 63 -250T58 -247T55 -238Q56 -237 66 -225Q221 -64 221 250T66 725Q56 737 55 738Q55 746 60 749Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“mo” transform=“translate(2177.8,0)”><path data-c=“3D” d=“M56 347Q56 360 70 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L390 327H72Q56 332 56 347ZM56 153Q56 168 72 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H70Q56 140 56 153Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“msup” transform=“translate(3233.6,0)”><g data-mml-node=“mi”><path data-c=“1D452” d=“M39 168Q39 225 58 272T107 350T174 402T244 433T307 442H310Q355 442 388 420T421 355Q421 265 310 237Q261 224 176 223Q139 223 138 221Q138 219 132 186T125 128Q125 81 146 54T209 26T302 45T394 111Q403 121 406 121Q410 121 419 112T429 98T420 82T390 55T344 24T281 -1T205 -11Q126 -11 83 42T39 168ZM373 353Q367 405 305 405Q272 405 244 391T199 357T170 316T154 280T149 261Q149 260 169 260Q282 260 327 284T373 353Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“TeXAtom” transform=“translate(499,363) scale(0.707)” data-mjx-texclass=“ORD”><g data-mml-node=“mi”><path data-c=“1D465” d=“M52 289Q59 331 106 386T222 442Q257 442 286 424T329 379Q371 442 430 442Q467 442 494 420T522 361Q522 332 508 314T481 292T458 288Q439 288 427 299T415 328Q415 374 465 391Q454 404 425 404Q412 404 406 402Q368 386 350 336Q290 115 290 78Q290 50 306 38T341 26Q378 26 414 59T463 140Q466 150 469 151T485 153H489Q504 153 504 145Q504 144 502 134Q486 77 440 33T333 -11Q263 -11 227 52Q186 -10 133 -10H127Q78 -10 57 16T35 71Q35 103 54 123T99 143Q142 143 142 101Q142 81 130 66T107 46T94 41L91 40Q91 39 97 36T113 29T132 26Q168 26 194 71Q203 87 217 139T245 247T261 313Q266 340 266 352Q266 380 251 392T217 404Q177 404 142 372T93 290Q91 281 88 280T72 278H58Q52 284 52 289Z”></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span> é <span class="math-inline ">
<mjx-container class=“MathJax” jax=“SVG”><svg style=“vertical-align: -0.186ex;” xmlns=“http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” width=“6.945ex” height=“1.731ex” role=“img” focusable=“false” viewBox=“0 -683 3069.6 765”><title>R = infinito</title><g stroke=“currentColor” fill=“currentColor” stroke-width=“0” transform=“scale(1,-1)”><g data-mml-node=“math”><g data-mml-node=“TeXAtom” data-mjx-texclass=“ORD”><g data-mml-node=“mi”><path data-c=“52” d=“M130 622Q123 629 119 631T103 634T60 637H27V683H202H236H300Q376 683 417 677T500 648Q595 600 609 517Q610 512 610 501Q610 468 594 439T556 392T511 361T472 343L456 338Q459 335 467 332Q497 316 516 298T545 254T559 211T568 155T578 94Q588 46 602 31T640 16H645Q660 16 674 32T692 87Q692 98 696 101T712 105T728 103T732 90Q732 59 716 27T672 -16Q656 -22 630 -22Q481 -16 458 90Q456 101 456 163T449 246Q430 304 373 320L363 322L297 323H231V192L232 61Q238 51 249 49T301 46H334V0H323Q302 3 181 3Q59 3 38 0H27V46H60Q102 47 111 49T130 61V622ZM491 499V509Q491 527 490 539T481 570T462 601T424 623T362 636Q360 636 340 636T304 637H283Q238 637 234 628Q231 624 231 492V360H289Q390 360 434 378T489 456Q491 467 491 499Z”></path></g></g><g data-mml-node=“mo” transform=“translate(1013.8,0)”><path data-c=“3D” d=“M56 347Q56 360 70 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L390 327H72Q56 332 56 347ZM56 153Q56 168 72 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H70Q56 140 56 153Z”></path></g><g data-mml-node=“mi” transform=“translate(2069.6,0)”><path data-c=“221E” d=“M55 217Q55 305 111 373T254 442Q342 442 419 381Q457 350 493 303L507 284L514 294Q618 442 747 442Q833 442 888 374T944 214Q944 128 889 59T743 -11Q657 -11 580 50Q542 81 506 128L492 147L485 137Q381 -11 252 -11Q166 -11 111 57T55 217ZM907 217Q907 285 869 341T761 397Q740 397 720 392T682 378T648 359T619 335T594 310T574 285T559 263T548 246L543 238L574 198Q605 158 622 138T664 94T714 61T765 51Q827 51 867 100T907 217ZM92 214Q92 145 131 89T239 33Q357 33 456 193L425 233Q364 312 334 337Q285 380 233 380Q171 380 132 331T92 214Z”></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></span>.</div>
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